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Now that you've experienced "Molecular Gastronomy" on TV and in restaurants....

Texturas Why not try it at home?

Thanks to the mad geniuses behind the popularization and globalization of Molecular Gastronomy/ "New Cookery", one of the best and worst food trends ever, you too can be a mad scientist in your kitchen. Yes, that's right, The Brothers Adria, Alberto and his trailblazing brother Ferran of El Bulli fame, are bringing the principles of food science gone crazy to a kitchen near you with Texturas, their line of food additives. The products are mostly starches, gums, seaweed extracts, proteins, amino acids and salts - the tools of the "New Cookery" trade.

Now you too can create show stopping dinner parties. Just buy a kit and let the fun begin.

I stumbled upon this new line of products at this year's Fancy Food Show. Their US distributor, Koerner, was showing the line at the show. Sadly, no free samples were available, but you can buy yourself a kit along with all the tools from their website. I grabbed a brochure though and read it with great interest. According to the brochure, this line of products will revolutionize the way you cook. From the brochure:

Since its inception in 1997, elBullitaller has had the goal of broadening the range of possible textures in cooking. The fruit of this experimentation is a series of techniques that, like foams, clouds, etc., have brought about an evolution in our style.

We present the Texturas line of products, essential for you to be able to incorporate some of our best-known techniques to your kitchen, such as hot gelatins, airs, melon caviar or spherical ravioli.

The products that make up the sfericacaion, gelificacion, emulsificacion, espesantes and surprises lines are the result of a rigorous process of selection and experimentation. Texturas is a gateway to a world of magical sensations that will no doubt continue to grow.

Thank you elBullitaller for democratizing a process and method that, in the wrong hands, will no doubt yield some disgusting results.*

* Don't get me wrong. My favorite restaurant in Chicago is Alinea, which, no doubt, takes some, if not most, of its cues from a trend in dining ignited by the brothers Adria.

Why the Maillard Reaction Kicks Ass

Why do the un-health conscious fight over the skin of a peking duck, a well-roasted chicken, or the burnt ends of a brisket? And why do coffee, chocolate, bread crusts, and dark beers taste so gobbledy-yum? Because dammit, they have complex flavors, thanks to the Maillard Reaction.

The Maillard reaction occurs between 250F and 500F (some say 300F and 500F) and is defined as the reaction between proteins and sugar on the surface of a cooking product (meat, bread, what-have-you) causing the surface to brown and a complex flavor to develop. There's a lot of good science (and not so hard to understand, if I do say so my unscientific self) behind the Maillard reaction, which Harold McGee explains extremely well on page 778 of On Food and Cooking, Second Edition.

The Maillard Reaction is so much more than caramelization, "the simplest browing reaction" (Harold McGee), as it involves amino acids and a chain of reactions that results in complex 'beefy', savory, meaty, chocolately, earthy flavors along with caramel flavors.

Because water temperature doesn't rise much above 212F, boiled foods do not undergo the Maillard Reaction. Nor do steamed foods. Dry methods work best for catalyzing the Maillard reaction - roasting, grilling, frying and baking. Slow cooking above 250F will result in the development of extremely deep, rich flavors, where quick cooking at a much higher temperature will rob a food product the opportunity to develop those flavors.

One exception -- long, slow cooking at temperatures below 250F, alkaline conditions and high concentrations of carbs will trigger the Maillard reaction. Boiling down chicken or beef stock will trigger the reaction (think glace de veau). Cooking egg whites in boiling water over 12 hours will result in deep, dark whites according to McGee (I've never tried this myself...the thought is a little repulsive).

Flavor companies rely on the Maillard reaction for the creation of synthetic savory flavors. Betcha didn't want to know that! And betcha didn't want to know that a lot of ready to use meat products have lots of these synthetic flavors in them. I've been to a class at a food company that discussed this stuff.

I know. I, unfortunately, know.

A random page from a Food Science Text Book

I opened a page in Food Science, Fifth Edition (Potter/Hotchkiss), at random. Here's what it said:

THERMAL DEATH CURVES Bacteria are killed by heat at a rate that is very nearly proportional to the number present in the system being heated. This is referred to as a logarithmic order of death (emphasis mine), which means that under constant thermal conditions the same percentage of the bacterial population will be destroyed in a given time interval.

I then wondered what else on the web discusses the thermal death curve and the logarithmic order of death. Here's what I found:

A chapter from a process engineering book

A most excellent guide on pH from UC Davis, along with a glossary of fish processing-related terms

A discussion of pasteurization and diary from University of Guelph in Canada

Most of the hits on google were on academic or public health websites. What a shocker.

The Flavor of Power

What does power taste like? Does it even have a taste? According to the flavorists – or flavor scientists --  at IFF (International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc), power is the flavor of Laird Hamilton's back. Yes, that Laird Hamilton -- the international surfing superstar with all-American good looks and a body out of a beefcake calendar. The flavor of Laird Hamilton's back is apparently salt water and musky sweat – exactly the sort of residue a surfer might have on his back after a day in the water. And when applied to a strip of gelatin, such as the kind used in Listerine Breath Strips, it is a flavor that anyone can taste. Laird Hamilton's back, jet fuel and metal shavings, chocolate and leather, scrambled eggs and fried potatoes, adhesive spray and glue stick, and dirt were some of the flavors designed by IFF and shown off at their booth at the recent Research Chef’s Association conference in Houston. Originally introduced in Fall 2005, the flavors are part of a project called Visionaire 47 TASTE.

The flavors are a collaboration between chefs, photographers, and visual artists – from Yoko Ono to Bruce Weber to Vic Muniz to Ferran Adria – and IFF, which worked with Visionaire and each artist to choose an emotion-evoking word and provide an art work that illustrated that word. The artist also provided the description of a flavor that matched both the evocative word and the artwork. The flavorists then created the flavors based on the artists’ description and palate, applied each flavor to a gelatin strip, and packaged the strip in tiny cases that had photographs of the work of art on one side, and the contributors, including the flavorists, on the other. The final result of the collaboration was a beautifully illustrated album with an insert for the 12 flavors and full color photographs of the artists’ submissions. Many food companies received complimentary copies of the albums. Subcribers to Visionaire also received copies. The rest of the world has to buy theirs.

The flavor for “Luxury” was particularly difficult for IFF to design, although the final results were delicious. Ferran Adria, the acclaimed Spanish Molecular Gastronomist and chef, chose fresh picked pine nuts as his definition of luxury. Spanish Pine nuts are only available two months of the year – March and April – and must be eaten within hours of picking to be enjoyed at their peak. The first iteration of the pine nut flavor was flat, and rejected by the chef. The flavor wasn’t quite right – it was pine nuts, but not the very special Spanish pine nuts that Adria loved and cherished for their rarity. IFF worked up a more potent version – with flavors of toastiness, chlorophyll, fat, and nut. The result? An addictive flavor, even on a strip of gelatin. I wanted another, but was a little embarrassed to ask our flavor tour guide.

Jet Fuel and Metal Scraps were the flavor of “Adrenaline”, according to visual artist Jenny Holzer. She chose an absurd font for her words: "Energy of the Gods, Adrenaline Surge....Won't Stop Til I Hit the Ground, I'm on my Way for Sure....Up here in the Air, This Will Never Hurt....I'm on My Way to Impact, Taste the High Speed Dirt." Jet and Metal, as interpreted by IFF, tasted minty and reactive. “Youth” was illustrated by a very Bruce Weber come-hither young man with huge curly blonde hair(which made sense, given it was a Bruce Weber photo) and the flavor of cherry licorice. The flavors of butter, condensed milk, and vanilla were how Yoko Ono described “Mother”, which she illustrated with a photo of a single perfect breast. The flavor was pleasant and sweet, but it definitely didn't make me think of my mom or -- thank you Yoko -- mother's milk. “Life” was the flavor of dirt, which did indeed tasty like dirt – earthy, peaty, mineraly. I didn't want another piece.

The idea of linking food, flavor and emotion is not new, but this approach, using artists as interpreters of words and flavorists as interpreters of artists is novel and compelling. Flavor is intrinsic to eating, and in the process of eating we create memories and associations. Adding in the third element – the artists’ vision – takes an industrial application and humanizes it in a way that would be impossible by demonstration of flavor alone. Flavorists are also artists, and it takes a presentation like this one to recognize that. 

For $175.00 you can buy an issue of Visionaire and experience Laird Hamilton's back. Or you can subscribe to Visionaire for $675. If I had that kind of cash lying around, I'd consider it.

In July 2006, Flavor and The Menu magazine (yep, there's a magazine for everything) sponsors their second annual appropriately named "Flavor Event" -- a three day orgy of food, flavor, and flavor trends. Attending this event will set you back a cool $495 if you are a research chef to $1925 if you are a consultant. Suddenly the cost of licking Laird Hamilton's back doesn't seen so obscene.

Warmed Over Flavor -- the scourge of leftovers

Caveat: I am neither meat scientist nor flavor technologist.So take this with a grain of sodium diacetate.

Warmed-over Flavor, aka WOF, is well-known to meat manufacturers and processors. Until a few weeks ago I had never heard of WOF, but had experienced it numerous times when I reheated leftovers. I just chalked it up to low quality meat - bad chicken, over-dry turkey, whatever. Reheated meat seemed to have a slightly funky flavor -- a little 'off', a lot unpalatable. It turns out that flavor is the product of the oxidation of lipids during the cooling/storing process.

On the Wixon website, I found this very concise explanation:

The cause [of WOF] is rather complex, but starts with the oxidation of meat fats. The more polyunsaturated the fat, the more likely it is to oxidize as compared to fats containing a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. Hence, pork is more susceptible to this off-flavor than beef or lamb. There are a number of factors that trigger fat oxidation, but cooking is at the top of the list. Among other things, cooking causes release of iron from the meat pigment myoglobin. Iron is a strong pro-oxidant. Cooking also starts the production of free radicals that catalyze oxidative reactions.

For manufacturers of pre-cooked meat, this is a big problem. For decades manufacturers have been trying to find an ideal solution to the problem. There are chemical antioxidants, there is vitamin e, there are herbs and spices with strong antioxidant properties. Rosemary is a particularly effective antioxidant -- in varying concentrations, rosemary can have a profound effect in reducing WOF.

"Clean labeling" -- ie, ingredient statements that are free of preservatives and other non-natural additives -- are very important to an increasingly large number of food manufacturers. Some antioxidants are not clean -- but the need for the reduction in oxidative flavors in natural foods has pushed flavor and ingredient companies (who supply additives, spices, and other flavorings to food manufacturers) to develop "clean" antioxidants that fight WOF.

(an aside: cured meats do not have the same issue with WOF as cure hinders oxidation, I believe).

At home there isn't much you can do other than use antioxidants in your cooking -- rosemary is a very effective (albeit flavorful) antioxidant. Sage, from the same family, also has good antioxidant effects. So do thyme, cinnamon, cloves, marjoram, oregano, and mace. Dark honey may also fight warmed over flavor. Beta carotene and lycopene are also effective. So a marinade of carrots and ketchup might do the trick. Better yet would be a marinade of garlic, olive oil, thyme and rosemary. And lemon for balance.

Here's a pretty good article on the whole WOF phenom from Food Product Design from 2000: Fighting Warmed-Over Flavor.

   

A change of Scene

My diet it is a changing. I suppose the new purpose of this blog is to document my next two months, when I will be struggling to stick with an allergy-free diet, given to me by a nutritionist who I'm not sure if I should believe.

My nutritionist is under the impression that I may be succeptible to salicylates (or, as I misapprehended, "salicytes") and gluten. Salicylates are good for you - it is salicytic acid in all its forms - and salicytes are in almost everything. To go on a salicyte-free diet is to eliminate all the foods that make eating a pleasure - chile peppers, herbs, mushrooms, broccoli, most spices, berries, almonds, tomatoes, olives, summer squash, wine. To make matters worse, my nutritionist is at the same time making me go gluten-free. So no wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat (it is a grass, but it appears on some lists), amaranth, or spelt. I am allowed to eat quinoa, but even that is rumored to have gluten!!! Sugar is going away, as are peanuts. I have purchased sunflower butter for a sweet treat...this is going to be so hard.

My nutritionist also told me that I don't take in enough protein. So I am increasing my consumption to 12 ounces a day!!! This is not easy for me, as I don't love eating meat - I haven't eaten red meat since 1984. And Soy is not an option - I'll be eliminating that as well.

She has taken me off Nexium, and of course, I am instantly suffering from reflux. These all-natural antacids seem seem to be doing the trick. She thinks that over time, if I decrease acid intake, then my reflux will go away. She hates Nexium and says that it prevents the absorption of many minerals and some vitamins.

If all goes well, she believes she can get me off a few other medications that I have been taking. She is giving me 5 days to get my house together - throw out the foods on the verboten list and shopping for things that I can eat. I've started easing into the diet today - no bread, no tomatoes, no breath mints (oops, just ate one). I think I can get through this....

Five-month Update: Successfully off the gluten, and the reflux is mostly gone. I don't have to take baking soda pills anymore - thank goodness. I've not been good about sticking to the salicylate-free diet, unfortunately. The salicylates I'm eating do not seem to be impacting my reflux, so I think I'm fine. Huzzah!

For more information on low-salicylate diets, you can check out these resources:

www.nutritionalconcepts.com - my nutritionist. She's wacky, but good. Nothing really specific to salicylates, but some interesting papers she's written on various diets.

HealthTouch Online has a one-pager that explains the foods that should be avoided.

Alternative-Doctor.com has a section on salicylates. Scroll down to "The Feingold Diet".

I like this chart of salicylate content of common foods

Hours of fun for hypochondriacs: here's a list of possible symptoms of salicylate intolerance. How many can you check off?